Martin Luther had enough of corruption, loose morals, and depravity in the church and demanded a pure church and a pure faith. The

resulting Reformation of the church and the ousting of the "depraved" popes led to a war that killed half of Europe's population at the time.

Christianity was more divided than ever, with Catholics, Lutherans, and the Reformed all killing each other mercilessly.

After an appallingly violent military campaign in the 13th century, Islam became the religion of people from Spain to Indonesia. Along with

Islamic and Arabic cultures came the dissemination of a high culture: medicine, art, architecture, astronomy - a unique flowering of knowledge, culture and intellectual freedom that was eventually ended when the Mongols attacked from the East.