In 1995, the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake struck Japan's Hyogo Prefecture early in the morning. Immediately after the earthquake, multiple fires broke out at the same time. Those who could not escape the fires lost their lives, and a total of 6,434 people died in the disaster. According to one investigation, 2 out of 3 people noticed the fires but did not evacuate immediately. Why was this? Reasons included delayed evacuation, an inability to evacuate and evacuation confusion. Now, the latest research is helping us understand the unexpected difficulties in trying to escape from a city hit by post-earthquake fires. In this program, we'll explore what is necessary to save lives.

As a natural threat that can suddenly occur any time of the year at nearly any place around the world, lightning is formidable. Despite humanity's long history with lightning, there's still a surprising amount of misinformation about what to do during a thunderstorm. In this episode, leading Japanese experts on lightning will help us sort the facts from the myths, and show us new 3D imaging techniques that can trace the exact path taken by a lightning strike, which is expected to improve our predictions of when and where lightning will strike.

The Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 caused unprecedented damage. Even areas 300 kilometers away from the epicenter suffered damages beyond what was predicted. A phenomenon called soil liquefaction occurred over a large area. Some 27,000 structures sank or tilted, causing massive damage. The city of Urayasu in Chiba Prefecture was particularly affected. Surveys later revealed that the city had all the criteria for liquefaction to occur. The key was groundwater depth. Find out the mechanism of liquefaction and the latest mitigation technology.

PM2.5 are extremely small particles. The WHO estimates that every year PM2.5 is responsible for 2.4 million premature deaths worldwide. What is the cause? According to a study conducted by Kyoto University, PM2.5, which enters the body through the respiratory organs, can damage cells and cause inflammation, worsening various diseases. It has also been linked to COVID-19. How do we deal with this invisible threat? In this program, we'll examine countermeasures and look at the latest research on prediction using space technology.

The Great East Japan Earthquake and the massive tsunami that followed caused unprecedented damage along the coast of the Tohoku region with waves over 16 meters high. Why was the initial tsunami warning inaccurate? Errors are thought to have occurred as a result of tremors that exceeded what scientists had anticipated. Professor Shunichi Koshimura of Tohoku University is developing a completely new tsunami prediction system after realizing the limits of the current system. The key is to make predictions based on data gathered by observing real-time movements of the earth's crust. This new system is to be applied to the mega earthquake projected to hit Japan in the near future. Find out the latest in tsunami prediction technology that will lead to saving human lives.

What is a human stampede? It is a disaster in which people are so crowded together that they push and squeeze against each other, making it hard to breathe. It can also cause a person to fall, triggering a domino effect that results in casualties. In the past, human stampedes have taken the lives of countless people. In Japan, there is a high risk of a mega-quake hitting directly beneath the Tokyo metropolitan area in the near future. If this occurs, up to 8 million people are expected to be stranded in the city, creating a high possibility of human stampedes. What can we do to prevent casualties? Find out about the latest research on crowd safety.

The Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 and its resulting tsunami caused the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The worst nuclear accident in Japan's history suffered from a lack of information due to the inaccessibility of the reactor buildings. For this reason, "disaster response robots" were deployed to take pictures and measure radiation doses inside the buildings. In the aftermath of a major disaster like that as well as an earthquake or fire, robots can quickly enter dangerous sites that are inaccessible to humans, find people in need of rescue, and take detailed measurements to provide data about the site. In this episode, we'll look at the latest developments among Japan's "disaster response robots."

Mt. Ontake is located on the border of Nagano and Gifu prefectures. Standing 3,067 meters above sea level, it is a popular daytrip hiking spot for mountain enthusiasts. Mt. Ontake was crowded with climbers around noon during a September vacation season, when the sudden stream-driven "phreatic eruption" occurred. Many climbers panicked as they encountered this unexpected natural phenomenon. Why couldn't this eruption be predicted? According to experts, there are 3 main types of volcanic eruptions, and the warning signs of phreatic eruptions are the hardest to detect. Now researchers are making advances to detect the slightest signs of an eruption using observation satellites and chemical approaches. Find out the latest on the research of volcanic predictions.

Linear rainbands. Once they occur, the area is hit with heavy downpour for an extended period of time, resulting in flood damage. In Japan, this phenomenon has been drawing attention ever since it struck in 2014, bringing torrential rainfall to Hiroshima Prefecture. While various studies led by the Japan Meteorological Agency are underway, it is still difficult to make accurate forecasts of linear rainbands at this point. When and where do linear rainbands occur? The mechanisms are still not understood. Find out how researchers are taking on the challenge to predict linear rainbands by accurately observing the location and the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere and performing rapid calculations.

In November 2021, the surface of a road in Mikasa, Hokkaido Prefecture suddenly caved in. A car fell into the large hole that formed, seriously injuring its three passengers. No underground construction work had been going on in the surrounding area, and the accident occurred without warning. Road cave-ins and other types of sinkholes happen not only in Japan but also in cities all over the world. One of the major causes is deterioration from aging pipes underground. Experts warn that multiple factors combine to cause sinkholes. In this program, we'll look at how sinkholes form as well as their countermeasures using the latest technology.

In February 2022, an American space exploration company simultaneously launched 49 satellites. Yet not long after, 40 of those satellites fell out of orbit and burned up upon re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. Similar accidents have occurred frequently in the past. The cause of such incidents is believed to be solar flares, huge explosions that occur on the sun's surface. Solar flares can also lead to other disasters that threaten our daily lives, such as major power outages, radio interference, and communication problems for airplanes and ships. Why do solar flares occur? We'll visit some researchers in Japan that are working hard to understand their mechanism and predict future occurrences.

More than 10 typhoons hit the Japanese archipelago in an average year. Their strong winds and heavy rains can cause flooding and landslides, even toppling buildings. To minimize such damage, Japan is working to further improve its predictions and monitoring of typhoon activity. But, accurately predicting a typhoon's changing strength is particularly challenging. To address this, researchers now fly a plane into the eye of a typhoon to measure the actual atmospheric conditions directly on-site. In this episode, we learn more about flying into these fierce typhoons.

When a typhoon or similar storm approaches, air pressure drops and the sea surface is sucked up. Strong winds also push seawater towards the shore. These factors combine to create a storm surge, a rise in the sea level that often results in coastal flooding. As an island nation, Japan is particularly vulnerable to storm surges. What will happen to the power of storm surges as climate change progresses? According to the latest research, the damage caused by storm surges is expected to become more severe, while the frequency of "once-in-50-year" storm surges may increase. We'll introduce some of latest measures to cope with this prospect.

In recent years, heavy snow has been falling frequently in Japan. While the overall amount of snowfall per winter has been decreasing year by year, the amount of snow that falls at one time is conversely increasing. What role does climate change play in this? It turns out that rising temperatures have led to more water vapor in the Sea of Japan, and interaction with a weather phenomenon called JPCZ has subsequently brought on heavy snow. We'll examine the mechanism behind this as well as the risks of snow disasters.

In April 2018, a landslide occurred on a hill behind houses in Nakatsu City, Oita Prefecture. The landslide moved sediment over a width of more than 100 meters, completely destroying four houses and killing six people. Landslide hazard areas are found throughout Japan, and the total number of landslide hazard areas is approximately 680,000. Why do landslides occur? Experts believe they are often triggered by heavy rainfall. In this episode, we'll look at the mechanism behind landslides and the latest research on reducing their damage.

On March 11, 2011, a huge earthquake occurred off Japan's Tohoku coast. Skyscrapers 400 kilometers away in Tokyo's Shinjuku district continued swaying for 13 minutes. And 770 kilometers away in Osaka, tall buildings swayed for more than 10 minutes. This swaying was caused by "long-period seismic waves", which can travel long distances at frequencies that resonate with high-rise buildings in particular. In this episode, we'll look at some of the steps being taken to address this problem, including heavy weights installed atop high-rises.

One of the most important things to do to save lives from a major tsunami is to evacuate to safety as soon as possible. The key to this is fast and accurate tsunami information. Once a life-threatening tsunami is detected, people living in risk areas have to evacuate to a place where they can escape from tsunami damage. After the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, Japan has established a large-scale tsunami observation network on the ocean floor and is working to disseminate accurate and prompt tsunami information.

River flooding happens when heavy rain causes river levels to rise and overflow with large amounts of water. In recent years in Japan, a weather phenomenon known as "linear rainbands" has led to frequent torrential rain and the flooding of rivers. River flooding comes in two forms, and when one accompanies the other, the damage also grows more intense. Knowing the risks in the areas we call home and swiftly fleeing to a safe evacuation site in times of emergency are what is most needed to save lives. We will introduce tools with the latest digital technology that are effective for this purpose.

The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 was one of the worst disasters in Japanese history. A magnitude 7.9 earthquake centered in the western part of Kanagawa Prefecture caused buildings to collapse, landslides to occur, and a tsunami to hit the coastal areas. However, most of the victims did not die in these disasters; the main cause of death was fire. In one open space in Tokyo, almost all of the nearly 40,000 evacuees who had gathered there died in a fire. Yet this was not just any fire, but rather a fire whirl, or what is more commonly known as a "fire tornado."